Epidemiological Review on Monkeypox.

The significant increase in monkeypox cases that was reported at the beginning of 2022 was notable. The resurgence of viral zoonosis is especially concerning, given the current and recent COVID-19 epidemic. There are worries that a new pandemic may be beginning due to the virus that causes monkeypox spreading so quickly. This article aimed to provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical symptoms of monkeypox. It has been known that monkeypox was primarily prevalent in Central and West Africa, but in recent years, cases of monkeypox infections have been reported around the world. The transmission of the infection to humans has been connected to exposure to a diseased animal or person's excretions and secretions. Various studies indicate that monkeypox clinically manifests as fever, fatigue, and a rash of smallpox-like lesions and can cause various complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and sepsis, which, when not properly managed, can lead to death. Those living in remote and forested areas, taking care of individuals infected with monkeypox, and trading and taking care of exotic animals are some of the risk factors for monkeypox. Men having sex with men are also at higher risk of contracting monkeypox. When dealing with individuals who have high-risk factors and come with new-onset progressive rashes, it is necessary for clinicians to highly suspect monkeypox. This review will serve as reference material and a supplement to the existing literature that will assist in the proper management and prevention of monkeypox.

Wildlife susceptibility to infectious diseases at global scales.

Disease transmission prediction across wildlife is crucial for risk assessment of emerging infectious diseases. Susceptibility of host species to pathogens is influenced by the geographic, environmental, and phylogenetic context of the specific system under study. We used machine learning to analyze how such variables influence pathogen incidence for multihost pathogen assemblages, including one of direct transmission (coronaviruses and bats) and two vector-borne systems (West Nile Virus [WNV] and birds, and malaria and birds). Here we show that this methodology is able to provide reliable global spatial susceptibility predictions for the studied host-pathogen systems, even when using a small amount of incidence information (i.e., [Formula: see text] of information in a database). We found that avian malaria was mostly affected by environmental factors and by an interaction between phylogeny and geography, and WNV susceptibility was mostly influenced by phylogeny and by the interaction between geographic and environmental distances, whereas coronavirus susceptibility was mostly affected by geography. This approach will help to direct surveillance and field efforts providing cost-effective decisions on where to invest limited resources.

Pre-Endoscopic viral screening of children during the Covid-19 pandemic

Aim: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection can easily occur through direct or close contact with infected people, just as with other infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to detect it prior to the intervention for protecting the health of both the healthcare worker and the patient. In the study, it was aimed to determine the seroposidvity rates of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, hepatitis A, hepatitis 8, hepatitis C virus and human immune deficiency virus infections among children who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology of the Karabuk University in Turkey from December 2020 to December of 2021. A total of 175 children were included in the study. The study was divided into three age groups as follows: 1-6 years old, 7-12 years old and 13-18 years old. All children were screened for acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C virus and human immune deficiency virus infections. Results: The median age was 12.5 years (1-18). The seroprevalence of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Anti-HAV IgM, Anti-HAV IgG, HBsAg, AntiHBs, Anti-HCV, Anti-HIV and were detected 0.57%, 0.57%, 42.8%, 0%, 58.8%. 1.1% and 0 % respectively. The seroprevalence of Anti-HAV IgG was significantly higher in children aged 1-6 years than in the group aged 13-18 years (95.7 vs 25.2: x2=48.1, p=0.001). Discussion: Although seroprevalence rates prior to endoscopy were low in this study, viral screening, except for hepatitis A infection, is essential for the safety of both patients and healthcare.